Filtering Rows with WHERE

WHERE filters rows so you only see the ones matching a condition — this is how you go from "show me everything" to "show me exactly what I need."

Comparison operators

Operator	Meaning
=	equal to
<> or !=	not equal to
> / <	greater / less than
>= / <=	greater or equal / less or equal

SELECT * FROM employees WHERE department_id = 1;

SELECT * FROM products WHERE price > 20000;

SELECT * FROM orders WHERE status <> 'cancelled';

Combining conditions: AND, OR, NOT

-- Both conditions must be true
SELECT * FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 1 AND salary > 100000;

-- Either condition can be true
SELECT * FROM products
WHERE category = 'Electronics' OR category = 'Furniture';

-- Negate a condition
SELECT * FROM orders WHERE NOT status = 'cancelled';

When mixing AND and OR, use parentheses to make the logic explicit — AND is evaluated before OR by default, which can surprise you:

SELECT * FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 1 AND (salary > 150000 OR job_title = 'Engineering Manager');

Matching a list: IN

SELECT * FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN (1, 3, 5);

Result: first 5 of 13 rows (the order can differ on other engines unless you add ORDER BY)

id	first_name	last_name	email	department_id	job_title	salary	hire_date	manager_id
1	Ali	Sheikh	ali.sheikh1@csa-demo.local	1	Engineering Manager	188000	2024-10-16	NULL
3	Ahmed	Qureshi	ahmed.qureshi3@csa-demo.local	3	SEO Specialist	101000	2023-12-28	NULL
5	Bilal	Ahmed	bilal.ahmed5@csa-demo.local	5	Finance Manager	122000	2020-06-19	NULL
7	Usman	Ahmed	usman.ahmed7@csa-demo.local	1	Engineering Manager	128000	2020-11-06	1
9	Hassan	Shah	hassan.shah9@csa-demo.local	3	SEO Specialist	98000	2022-01-02	3

This is shorthand for department_id = 1 OR department_id = 3 OR department_id = 5 — much easier to read.

Matching a range: BETWEEN

SELECT * FROM products
WHERE price BETWEEN 5000 AND 20000;

Result: first 5 of 6 rows (the order can differ on other engines unless you add ORDER BY)

id	product_name	category	price	stock_quantity
2	Mechanical Keyboard	Electronics	6500	60
5	Office Chair	Furniture	18500	18
13	Noise Cancelling Headphones	Electronics	15500	140
14	Whiteboard	Office Supplies	5200	118
16	External SSD 1TB	Electronics	13500	81

BETWEEN is inclusive on both ends.

Checking for missing data: IS NULL

Some employees have no manager (the department heads) — their manager_id is empty. You can't use = NULL; you must use IS NULL:

SELECT * FROM employees WHERE manager_id IS NULL;

SELECT * FROM employees WHERE manager_id IS NOT NULL;

We'll cover exactly why NULL needs special treatment in the next article.

Open the Code Playground, pick any SQL engine (SQLite, PostgreSQL, MySQL, or SQL Server), and paste these queries in directly — the practice database above is already loaded for you, every time.